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A Student Grammar of German
A Student Grammar of German is an invaluable reference guide for undergraduates and other intermediate and advanced students. Written with the needs of the learner very much in mind, it sets out the grammar of the language in a clear and jargon-free way. Each chapter starts with an overview of the main grammatical terminology and concepts; these terms are also cross-referenced in the glossary at the end of the book. To provide a visual guide through each chapter, the main points in each section are highlighted, and tables summarise important patterns. 'Tip' boxes, which help the student to master particular points, are scattered through the text. Every point has numerous illustrative examples, each with its translation, carefully chosen from a wide range of printed and electronic media – books, newspapers, magazines, film and chat-rooms – to reflect contemporary usage across a range of registers.
eBook
Mastering German Vocabulary
How often have you looked up an English word in a German dictionary only to be confronted by a bewildering array of German equivalents? Which is the correct word for the context in question? Thirty years' experience in teaching Germanic languages at tertiary level to English-speaking students have made the author acutely aware of this problem. Mastering German Vocabulary explains how to use over 2,200 common German words correctly, using example sentences in German with English translations. In order to aid quick consultation, all German and English words are listed in separate indexes. The book is designed for all upper secondary and tertiary students of German and complements Routledge's grammar, dictionary and vocabulary building textbooks. It is a practical companion for anyone serious about perfecting their German.
Bruce Donaldson is Associate Professor at the Department of German and Swedish Studies of the University of Melbourne.
'An excellent companion for choosing the right word for all occasions.' – Deutsch: Lehren und Lernen
eBook
Komitatiivi funktsioonidest eri aegade ja registrite eesti kirjakeeles
The various types of concomitance expressed by the Estonian comitative form a network, at the center of which are the two prototypical functions of the comitative, ACCOMPANYING and RECIPROCALITY. In the 17th-18th century written language, the comitative primarily expressed ACCOMPANYING and similar meanings, while the RECIPROCALITY function dominates in 20th-century texts. The functions of the comitative have grown broader over time. In more peripheral functions, the comitative even performs the functions of grammatical cases, encoding non-foregrounded core arguments - the semantics of the comitative have become blurred, and the grammatical relations it expresses have become less well defined. In the modern written language, both the COMPANION and the RECIPROCALITY branches are well-represented. Usage tendencies are tied to the functional and contentrelated characteristics of different text types: RECIPROCALITY is particularly common in fiction texts, while print media texts extensively utilize the INSTRUMENT function and often feature phrase-internal comitatives, illustrating their high textual density. In online comment sections the INSTRUMENT function is particularly prominent, while in MSN dialogues the COMPANION function stands out. Among contact languages, the network of functions of the Estonian comitative most closely resembles that of German and least closely resembles that of Finnish.
Journal Article
Das Textsortenspektrum im fachinternen Wissenstransfer: Untersuchung anhand von Fachzeitschriften der Medizin
This work focuses on the development of the spectrum of text types in medical journals in order to enable statements on science culture and knowledge transfer within one scientific field. What changes could be determined in three medical journals over a period of 30 years and what effects do these changes have on science culture? The empirical evaluation reveals interesting developments.
eBook
Sõnaharuldusi Heinrich Stahli teostest
Artiklis tulevad vaatluse alla 17. sajandi kiriklike teoste tõlkija ja keelenormi kujundaja Heinrich Stahli tekstides kasutatud kaheksa haruldast tüvisõna ja seitse tuletist, mis (1) esinevad tema teostes vaid ühe korra (nn hapax legomenon’id), (2) esinevad põhjaeesti kirjakeeles esimest korda just Stahli teostes, (3) ei ole tänapäeva kirjakeeles sellises vormis ja/või tähenduses kasutusel, (4) ei ole otselaenud (alam)- saksa keelest. Käsitluse eesmärgiks on välja tuua Stahli haruldast sõnavara, mis pole tänapäeva eesti keeles enam kas tüve, moodustusviisi või tähenduse poolest läbipaistev. Niisugused lekseemid võimaldavad täpsemat pilguheitu Stahli teoste eripärasele sõnavarale ja selle kasutamise motiividele. Artiklis käsitletud tüvisõnad peegeldavad arhailist sõnavarakihti, mis on enamjaolt rahvakeelne ja võib osaliselt pärineda varasematest, Stahli-eelsetest allikatest. Tuletised avavad lisaks ka mehhanisme, kuidas Stahl on kasutanud teksti vajadustest lähtudes produktiivseid tuletusvõimalusi või toetunud analoogiamallidele. Selline täpseid esinemissagedusi arvestav uurimus on võimalikuks saanud pärast Stahli tekstide korpuse lemmatiseeritud kuju valmimist 2013. aastal.Rare words from the works of Heinrich Stahl. The article takes a look at 8 stem words and 7 derivations used in the works of Heinrich Stahl, the 17th century translator of religious texts and shaper of language norms. The stem words and derivations discussed in the article (1) only occur once in his texts, (2) first appear in Literary North-Estonian in Stahl’s texts, (3) are not used in Modern Estonian in the same form and/or meaning, (4) are not direct loans from (Low) German. These lexemes reveal the peculiarity of the lexicon of Stahl’s works. Because of their rarity, the lemmatising of such units while coding the corpus of Stahl’s texts has been problematic. These archaic words are not transparent in stem, form or meaning in Modern Estonian. The lexical stems discussed in the article reflect an archaic layer of the lexicon which is mostly vernacular and may partly originate in earlier, pre-Stahl sources. Derivations, in addition to revealing archaic lexicon, also reveal the mechanisms of how Stahl used productive derivation or analogy patterns depending on the demands of the text.
Journal Article